A REVIEW ON HOOKWORM DISEASE: HISTORICAL, VIRULENCE, IMMUNOMODULATION AND IMMUNE ESCAPE STRATEGIES

Document Type : Original Article

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Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt

Abstract

Hookworms are one of the most prevalent soil-transmitted helminths (STH) worldwide, they are 
ubiquitous in impoverished nations with limited resources, where polyparasitism is prevalent 
and vaccine cold chain logistics are complicated. Over two billion disability-adjusted life years 
are lost due to hookworms, which infect around half a billion individuals globally. 
Humans contract infection by ingesting the infective third-stage larvae (iL3) or skin penetration. 
Both Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus were thought to be the most common 
species worldwide, but in certain regions, Ancylostoma ceylanicum emerged as a significant par
asite. 

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